The Education Of Nineteenth Century Women Artists Essays

The Education Of Nineteenth Century Women Artists The formal education of women artists in the United States has taken quite a long journey. It wasnt until the nineteenth century that the workings of a recognized education for these women finally appeared. Two of the most famous and elite schools of art that accepted, and still accept, women pupils are the Philadelphia School of Design for Women and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (the PAFA). Up until the early nineteenth century, women were mostly taught what is now called a fashionable education (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5). Their mothers raised them to be proper, young ladies and expert housekeepers in expectation of marriage. If these women were fortunate enough to receive some kind of formalized schooling, they were to study penmanship, limited aspects of their mother language, and very little arithmetic (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5). Unfortunately, this small degree of education was extremely constrictive to women. If they never married or were widowed at a young age, they really had no place to go. This form of womens education created generations of women that were almost entirely dependent on their husbands and male relatives. During the nineteenth century, when the feminist movement was beginning, many schools were established specifically for the education of women, such as the Philadelphia School of Design for Women, and also for the education of both. In the beginning, womens art schools mostly taught pupils practical applications of art. For example, female art students often studied drawing and lithographing, in hopes that they would be hired by industrial companies as designers. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women was one of the first all womens art schools to establish this form of education. Founded in 1844 by a woman named Sarah Peter, the Philadelphia School of Design for Women was a school like none that had come before it. Peter was a wealthy woman of stature and decided to start this school in one of the rooms of her mansion and to hire a teacher to hold regular classes for women in art and design. (As a wonderful incentive for all women, tuition was free for the poor and the wealthy paid a very small sum.) Sarah Peter saw how truly poor the traditional education for women was and she strongly believed that every woman should stand by her sex, thus her reasoning for establishing this soon to become famous art school. As Peter saw it, she wished to give young women some practical training,should [they] so desire or the necessity arise, for well paying self support, (qtd. in Philadelphia School of Design for Women 6). In addition to her personal feelings, she had a very specific reason for starting the Philadelphia schooltrain women to create designs for the citys ind ustrial lines, such as textiles, lithographing, wood engraving, floor coverings, and furniture. From this point on, Peter devoted the rest of her life to overseeing the School and also traveled around the U.S. to establish art schools, like the Philadelphia, in other cities (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 6-11). The Philadelphia School of Design for Women originally had three departments from which young women could take classes: drawing, industrial, and wood engravings/lithography. The majority of the women were instructed within the drawing department, in which pupils made copies of original compositions and applied coloring and shading. From here on, depending on the instructor, they would progress toward drawings from casts and life (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 23-24). The industrial department showed the women applications of drawing, shading, and coloring to the art of design. Surprisingly, these designs and patterns created by the women of the Philadelphia School were secured under copyright law for some time (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 24). In the third department, lithography/wood engraving, women were taught drawing on stone and carving in wood. During the first years of the school, the actual printing was done on school grounds. However, in later years, most printing was done outside the school by contract. Due to the beauty and perfection of the pupils works, very soon after the Schools establishment, several of the students lithographs were used in floral brochures, such as

benzoyl peroxide essays

benzoyl peroxide essays Chemical Name: Benzoyl Peroxide (C14H10O4) Benzoyl peroxide is the main compound found in several different pharmaceuticals for treating acne, food additives, as polymers, and catalysts in several different reactions. Other common names for this compound are; Oxy-10, Panoxyl, Benzagel 10, Benzoic acid, Lucidol, and several others. The melting point for this compound is 1040-1060 C. At this temperature the compound will become very explosive, therefore forming no distinct boiling point. Benzoyl peroxide has a density of 1.334 and a molecular weight of 242.23g. It is slightly soluble in water ( Oxygens have bond angles of 1040, creating sp3 orbitals. Because this compound can create a mirror image of its self when folded over, I believe it to be non-polar. The physical properties of Benzoyl peroxide are that it is a colorless, odorless, solid, which may be in the form of white granules, crystals, or powder. This compound has several different functions such as; it is an oxidizer used to bleach edible oils, flour, and bread, is used as a catalyst for radical reactions, and as an initiator for addition and substitution reactions in organic synthesis. The most common use of Benzoyl peroxide is in topical solutions for treating acne. It is available without a prescription in several different concentrations, and it can be used for any degree or severity of acne. It works by removing the top layer of skin and unblocking the sebaceous glands. It also reduces inflammation of blocked hair follicles by killing bacter...

Proton - Definition of Physics Terms

Proton - Definition of Physics Terms A proton is a positively charged particle that resides within the atomic nucleus. The number of protons in the atomic nucleus is what determines the atomic number of an element, as outlined in the periodic table of the elements. The proton has charge 1 (or, alternately, 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs), the exact opposite of the -1 charge contained by the electron. In mass, however, there is no contest - the protons mass is approximately 1,836 times that of an electron. Discovery of the Proton The proton was discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1918 (though the concept had been earlier suggested by the work of Eugene Goldstein). The proton was long believed to be an elementary particle until the discovery of quarks. In the quark model, it is now understood that the proton is comprised of two up quarks and one down quark, mediated by gluons in the Standard Model of quantum physics. Proton Details Since the proton is in the atomic nucleus, it is a nucleon. Since it has a spin of -1/2, it is a fermion. Since it is composed of three quarks, it is a triquark baryon, a type of hadron. (As should be clear at this point, physicists really enjoy making categories for particles.) Mass: 938 MeV/c2 1.67 x 10-27 kgCharge: 1 fundamental unit 1.602 x 10-19 CoulombsDiameter: 1.65 x 10-15 m

Breast Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Breast Cancer - Essay Example little more than 2.47 million women who had experienced having breast cancer, women should be informed the proper way of conducting a self-breast examination as a way of increasing their chances of survival. For this study, the student nurse will discuss the importance of breast cancer screening followed by explaining the proper way to screen breast cancer and the step-by-step physical assessment to enable women detect early signs of breast cancer. Healthy women should undergo the most common screening test like mammogram at least once a year in order to detect signs of breast cancer at an early stage. (Breast Cancer, 2009a) Early detection of breast cancer is important since women can have higher chances of survival. This is because of the fact that early stage cancer is easier to treat as compared to late stage breast cancer. (Breast Cancer, 2008g) Aside from the use of mammogram test, other ways to screen signs of early stage breast cancer is through the use of other imaging test like the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Breast Cancer, 2008c). The blood marker tests can also be considered when screening a patient. In case cancer protein or blood markers like CA 15.3, TRU-QUANT, CA 27.29, CA125, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is present in the blood (Breast Cancer, 2008a), there is a strong possibility that the patient has a breast cancer. Because of the limitations of mammogram when screening for breast cancer, the use of digital tomosynthesis is now being considered as the best alternative for mammograms (Breast Cancer, 2008d). Although a lot of physicians believe that the use of mammography is the best method for detecting breast cancer, the Mayo Clinic 2008 study result suggest that the use of molecular breast imaging (MBI) is better than mammography in terms of detecting tumors in the breast (Breast Cancer, 2008f). Also highly recommended for women who have high risk of developing breast cancer, a new technique known as the ductal lavage can be

Global, political economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global, political economy - Essay Example The many a vehicle of modernisation, international diplomacy and economic dynamism of countries catapult a certain degree of prosperity that is felt worldwide. Scope of Globalisation The phenomenon of globalisation affects society's economics and politics. Its primary processes include the forces that govern improvements in technology, advancements in transportation services, increased employment and income opportunities, and cohesive intercontinental economic cooperation (Jaffe, 2006). Most countries in the world witnessed rapid developments in the area of business in the past few decades. A global village has been created to formally launch an avenue where countries can enter economic agreements. Globalisation has been said to be at the forefront of these modern-day events. On the other hand, several critics consider globalisation as a disease rather than a solution (Kalb, et al., 2004). Most people, including numerous world leaders, deem it an organized procedure that connects com munities around the world to participate in a synchronised development process. In essence, the whole gamut of globalisation revolves around contemporary structures such as Information and Communication Technology, Trade Democratisation, Free Market, and diplomatic agreements that are openly participated in by all countries (Lawal, 2006). Employment-generating Activities Globalisation remains one big precursor for the exponential growth of employment opportunities among developed and developing countries. Due to the expanding consumer markets worldwide, various industries responded to the call of ‘supply and demand.’ Countries with robust workforces tremendously benefit from these activities, while other nations strategise themselves to be at par with their rivals. Such a healthy competition prompts the international community to generate quality products and outputs based on the labour of their citizens. Economic literature upholds that unemployment rates are primarily dependent on the domestic policies of governments (Kollmeyer, 2009). This fact incited political leaders and fiscal analysts to intensively study their economic regulations to perfectly suit the recent trends (Rama, 2003). For countries that formulate intelligent decisions on how to boost employment rates for their people, success is at bay. While countries that make the wrong decisions suffer greatly (World Bank, 2009). Empiric data confirmed that globalisation has a positive impact on countries where human capital is above average. In some African countries, wages are projected to increase for skilled workers, especially in the light of rising demand due to technological advances (World Bank, 2009). Increased Income The relationship between employment and income were noted by several economic authorities (Lecaillon, 1984; International Labour Office, 2000). Recent studies suggest that globalisation is also a massive contributing factor to the increase of income among workers worl dwide (Mishkin, 2008). Even though there is a disparity of income distribution among countries, the fact that wages are solely based on the skills of workers cannot be downplayed in the aspect of a globalised workforce. It was noted that the skilled industries and the advanced production mechanisms of developing countries are likely to have a strong impact on their competitive advantage (Sachs,

Essay --

Introduction: Since ancient times, human had two types of energy. The two types are conventional energy and renewable energy. At that times with the available knowledge which guided human to use solar, wind and water energy which are named as renewable energy. Renewable energy defined as the energy which produced daily from nature itself without any direct cause by humans or life creatures. The second type of energy is the non-renewable or the conventional type which is the energy kind which cannot be recreated and it is created from very long time by creature’s bodies such oil, gas and coal. 1. Discuss and write about the conventional sources of energy that is widely utilized in Oman and provide examples with statistics. Nowadays the common used energy is the conventional type. It is used all over the world widely. In Oman it is the main source of energy and economy where it generates the production of the secondary type of energy like electricity. All the modern life at all its sides and faces they depend in oil and gas only. The discovery of oil was in 1962 while the production started on the end of 1960s. Oman production of oil is about 924,000 barrels per day according to 2012 statistics. Oman consumes 124,000 barrels for entire use and the rest for export. Gas production in the same line with oil always it reached up to 936.55 billion cubic feet while the exported amount is 317 billion cubic feet only. Coal production still not utilized as a main source. Oman needs extra and extra energy year after year, all that because of the development and the rise on the population. For example between 2000 and 2010 the amount of electricity which is produced for Oman entire use increased from 8.6 to 18.6.g igawatts. As a modern l... ... for green life and for modern ways to protect all the nature resources. Renewable energy is the future of all life not only the energy because it has no side effect, and no limits for its availability. The renewable energy will be large industry same as oil and gas but it will be much easier and safer. Conclusion: References: 1. Oman’s renewable energy potential - solar and wind | Norton Rose Fulbright. 2013. Oman’s renewable energy potential - solar and wind | Norton Rose Fulbright. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/knowledge/publications/75892/omans-renewable-energy-potential-solar-and-wind. [Accessed 29 November 2013]. 2. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2013. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=mu. [Accessed 29 November 2013].

Applying Critical and Creative Thinking in Daily Life Essay

Critical and creative thinking skills are a must when you have a family with two working parents and two children. This past year my wife and I have had to become very creative with our budgeting to keep our family on a clear financial track. Raising a family can be tricky for anyone but when financial problems unexpectedly arise it really throws a curve ball in the mix. We had to do some quick thinking and come up with some unusual methods to keep our family on track with the holidays quickly approaching. We used creative thinking to look around for the ideas and critical thinking to put those creative ideas out and decide which ones would work best for our situation. Last October with very little warning I lost my job. Now since my wife only works part time, I am the major bread winner in our family. My job supplies our money for our monthly bills, our health insurance and our life insurance. My wife’s paycheck is more for spending money and savings. However, our savings was extremely low because we had just purchased a new home a couple months before and had to make two unexpected trips home to Illinois within three weeks the month before because of illness in the family. When I came home and told my wife I was losing my job she was definitely extremely worried. We had to come up with a plan to keep our financial heads above water and quick. First we sat down and went over each and every expense in our household. We took out the ones we didn’t really need such as extra internet fees and clothing allowances for the next couple of months. These were just luxuries and our clothing was fine for now. We wanted to try our best for now to keep the kids’ lives minimally changed. Next we looked at ways to make extra income while I was unemployed. I am an IT security engineer so we knew that more than likely I would not be unemployed for long but we needed to plan for three months minimum. Also included in these three months was of course Christmas, which of course  means even more money is needed. I was previously in the military so I would continue to get my GI Bill money since I was going to school so that was helpful. My wife picked up extra hours anytime she could get them at work and I took small jobs on the side helping friends fix computer problems. Since I was home the daycare needs were able to be stopped and when I had interviews my wife found friends that could help out. The problems arose when we had to have some unexpected plumbing done in this time period. We do not typically use credit cards. We keep two on hand for times of emergency but after some bad experiences when we were younger we make it a must to pay them off immediately. Together we decided it was a must to put the plumbing fees on them and pay it off as soon as I got another job. Our daughter performs in a school activity and we had to ask her grandparents to help out with the fees to that. We told them she would understand if it was part of her Christmas present. It worked out great and helped her to understand that as a family we needed to work together. Keeping our house and vehicle payments, the utilities and food on the table were the most important things. All in all with some creative and critical thinking we have come through what could have been a complete financial crisis for us. We did not get too behind and as soon as I started working again we made sure to get all credit card bills paid back off and money back into our savings in case this ever happens again. REFERENCES Ruggiero, Vincent Ryan. (2012). The Art of Thinking: A Guide to Critical and Creative Thought, Tenth Edition. New Jersey: Pearson